Characterization of Hydrogel Beads Based on Sodium Alginate and Bacterial Cellulose as Encapsulants for Red Palm Oil Emulsion (Elaeis guineensis Jacq)

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Published Jul 27, 2026
https://doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v5i2.521
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Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites

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Fitri Zuzilla Maha Rilmi
Andalas University
Ira Desri Rahmi
Andalas University
Deivy Andhika Permata
Andalas University

Abstract

Red palm oil is a carotenoid-rich lipid source with functional potential, but its bioactive compounds are susceptible to oxidative degradation during processing and storage. This study aimed to develop red palm oil emulsion hydrogel beads using sodium alginate and bacterial cellulose as encapsulating materials and to evaluate the effect of their ratios on physicochemical and encapsulation properties. Beads were prepared by emulsion ionotropic gelation using CaCl₂ as a crosslinking agent. A completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications was used, and data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level. The sodium alginate-to-bacterial cellulose ratio significantly affected yield, bead size, sphericity factor, swelling capacity, total carotenoid content, and encapsulation efficiency. Increasing bacterial cellulose proportion improved bead yield, diameter, carotenoid retention, and encapsulation efficiency. Treatment E, containing 50 mL sodium alginate, 25 mL bacterial cellulose, and 25 mL red palm oil emulsion, showed the best characteristics, with 63.17% yield, 3.55 mm bead size, 0.004 sphericity factor, 44.47 µg/g total carotenoid content, and 83.21% encapsulation efficiency. These findings indicate that sodium alginate–bacterial cellulose hydrogel beads are promising encapsulants for carotenoid-rich red palm oil emulsion.

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Author Biographies

Fitri Zuzilla Maha Rilmi, Andalas University

Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

Ira Desri Rahmi, Andalas University

Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

Deivy Andhika Permata, Andalas University

Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia

How to Cite
Rilmi, F. Z. M., Rahmi, I. D., & Permata, D. A. (2026). Characterization of Hydrogel Beads Based on Sodium Alginate and Bacterial Cellulose as Encapsulants for Red Palm Oil Emulsion (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites, 5(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v5i2.521

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